Macam-macam Verbal

Macam-Macam Verbal

Gerund

Gerund adalah kata yang dibentuk dari verb dengan ditambahkan suffix (akhiran ) –ing dan berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Karena gerund berfungsi sebagai noun, maka harus ada verb di dalam suatu kalimat. Sebagai noun, gerund dapat menempati posisi sebagai subject, direct object, subject complement, object of preposition, atau appositive di dalam suatu kalimat.
Contoh Gerund:

• Running may be hard for some people. [running = subject of sentence] (Berlari mungkin sulit untuk sebagian orang.)
• Everyone hates waiting. [waiting = direct object] (Setiap orang benci menunggu)
  9 = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive
  13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning
  14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning
  

  admit	He admitted cheating on the test.
  advise [9]	The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.
  allow [9]	Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.
  anticipate	I anticipated arriving late.
  appreciate	I appreciated her helping me.
  avoid	He avoided talking to her.
  begin [14]	I began learning Chinese.
  can't bear [14]	He can't bear having so much responsibility.
  can't help	He can't help talking so loudly.
  can't see	I can't see paying so much money for a car.
  can't stand [14]	He can't stand her smoking in the office.
  cease [14]	The government ceased providing free healthcare.
  complete	He completed renovating the house.
  consider	She considered moving to New York.
  continue [14]	He continued talking.
  defend	The lawyer defended her making such statements.
  delay	He delayed doing his taxes.
  deny	He denied committing the crime.
  despise	She despises waking up early.
  discuss	We discussed working at the company.
  dislike	She dislikes working after 5 PM.
  don't mind	I don't mind helping you.
  dread [13]	She dreads getting up at 5 AM.
  encourage [9]	He encourages eating healthy foods.
  enjoy	We enjoy hiking.
  finish [13]	He finished doing his homework.
  forget [13]	I forgot giving you my book.
  hate [14]	I hate cleaning the bathroom.
  imagine	He imagines working there one day.
  involve	The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.
  keep	She kept interrupting me.
  like [14]	She likes listening to music.
  love [14]	I love swimming.
  mention	He mentioned going to that college.
  mind	Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes.
  miss	She misses living near the beach.
  need [13]	The aquarium needs cleaning.
  neglect [14]	Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.
  permit [9]	California does not permit smoking in restaurants.
  postpone	He postponed returning to Paris.
  practice	She practiced singing the song.
  prefer [14]	He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.
  propose [14]	I proposed having lunch at the beach.
  quit [13]	She quit worrying about the problem.
  recall	Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.
  recollect	She recollected living in Kenya.
  recommend	Tony recommended taking the train.
  regret [13]	She regretted saying that.
  remember [13]	I remember telling her the address yesterday.
  report	He reported her stealing the money.
  require [9]	The certificate requires completing two courses.
  resent	Nick resented Debbie's being there.
  resist	He resisted asking for help.
  risk	He risked being caught.
  start [14]	He started studying harder.
  stop [13]	She stopped working at 5 o'clock.
  suggest	They suggested staying at the hotel.
  tolerate	I tolerated her talking.
  try [13]	Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.
  understand	I understand his quitting.
  urge [9]	They urge recycling bottles and paper.

Infinitive

Infinitive adalah verbal yang terdiri dari to dan bentuk simple dari verb (bare infinitive) dimana dapat berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda), adjective (kata sifat), atau adverb (kata keterangan). Ketika digunakan sebagai noun, infinitive dapat menempati posisi subject, direct object, subject complement, atau appositive.
Contoh Infinitive:

• He wants to go now. [to go = direct object] (Dia ingin pergi sekarang.)
• We need much money to buy a car. [to buy = adverb] (Kita butuh uang banyak untuk membeli sebuah mobil.)

  Verbs followed by the infinitive

  afford	agree*	aim	appear**	arrange*	bother	care
  claim*	condescend	consent	decide*	demand*	determine*	endeavour
  fail	guarantee*	happen*	hasten	have (= be obliged)	hesitate	hope*
  learn	long	manage	offer	prepare	pretend*	proceed
  promise*	propose	prove (= turn out)	refuse	resolve*	seek	seem**
  strive	swear*	tend	threaten*	trouble	undertake	volunteer
  vow*

Participle

Participle adalah kata hasil kombinasi bare infinitive dengan suffix -ing  pada present participle atau dengan suffix -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne pada past participle pada regular verb dan bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. Sebagai verbal, participle berfungsi sebagai adjective. Sebagai adjective, participle digunakan pada noun phrase dan reduced adjective clause (active dan passive voice).
Contoh Participle:

• I have seen the disturbing picture. [disturbing = present participle, noun phrase] (Saya telah melihat gambar mengganggu itu.)
• How to heal a broken heart? [broken = past participle, noun phrase] (Bagaimana menyembuhkan patah hati?)
• The math problem solved is very difficult. [solved = past participle, reduced adjective clause: passive voice] (Soal matematika yang telah dipecahkan tsb sangat sulit.)